The Moro reflex is an infantile reflex triggered by sudden changes in head position, loud noises, or other abrupt stimuli [1]. It involves extension and abduction of the arms, followed by flexion and adduction as the arms are brought together in an “embracing” motion [2][3]. This is accompanied by crying, with initial breath holding and then gasping. The reflex is present at birth, peaks around 1-2 months, and fades by 3-6 months [1][6].

The afferent limb involves vestibular nuclei and proprioceptive pathways sensing head/neck position [2]. Efferent signals descend via reticulospinal tracts to spinal motor neurons controlling arm, neck, and respiratory muscles [3][5]. The reflex protects the infant by ensuring support of the head and neck if the body moves [4]. Persistence beyond 6 months can indicate neurological dysfunction [1]. The Moro reflex demonstrates the integration of sensory input with complex motor output mediated by brainstem circuits early in development [3][6].