The regulation of blood glucose levels involves both neural and endocrine mechanisms. The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon to control glucose levels [1]. Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon raises glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis [3][4].

Insulin secretion is stimulated by rising blood glucose as well as acetylcholine release from the vagus nerve [2][5]. Low blood glucose activates sympathetic nerves innervating the pancreas to inhibit insulin secretion [3][6]. Glucose-sensing neurons in the hypothalamus also regulate insulin release and glucagon secretion from the pancreas [1][4]. The brain helps maintain glucose homeostasis by modulating insulin and glucagon levels based on fluctuations in blood glucose [2][5]. Disruptions in this neural regulation can contribute to hypo- or hyperglycemia.