Insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells is regulated by both nutrient and neural signals. Vagal cholinergic signaling stimulates insulin release, mediated by muscarinic receptors on beta cells [1][4]. Gastrin and secretin also stimulate insulin secretion [1]. In contrast, sympathetic norepinephrine signaling inhibits insulin release via α2-adrenergic receptors [1][5]. Low blood glucose is sensed by glucose chemoreceptors that activate sympathetic outflow, inhibiting insulin release [3][6]. Hyperglycemia reverses this inhibition. Additionally, leptin signaling from adipose tissue to the hypothalamus modulates sympathetic drive to the pancreas [3]. Insulin controls its own secretion through negative feedback on beta cells [2][4]. Disruption of neural regulation contributes to dysregulated insulin secretion in diabetes [4][6].