Neural regulation of prolactin secretion involves complex interactions between hypothalamic dopamine neurons and various stimulatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. The key hypothalamic dopamine (TIDA) neurons project to the pituitary gland and inhibit prolactin release through dopamine D2 receptors on lactotrophs. TIDA activity is regulated by prolactin feedback, estrogen, neurotensin, bombesin, glutamate, opioids, GABA, and other factors that either stimulate or inhibit TIDA neurons and consequently impact prolactin secretion.

This nuanced neural control over prolactin allows optimal titration of its effects to suit the body’s changing needs across reproductive states. The stimulatory and inhibitory signals to TIDA neurons integrate prolactin secretion with overall bodily status, including stress, nutrition, and circadian rhythms. There are sexual differences in dopamine regulation that align with the differing reproductive roles of males and females.